What is Stoicism?
Stoicism is a school of philosophy founded in Athens around 300 BCE by Zeno of Citium. Unlike philosophies that deal primarily in abstract theory, Stoicism was designed as a practical operating system for life—a set of tools and exercises for handling whatever life throws at you.
The core insight of Stoicism is deceptively simple: we don't control what happens to us, but we always control how we respond. This "dichotomy of control" forms the foundation of all Stoic practice.
The Three Great Stoics
While Stoicism had many teachers, three figures stand out for the wisdom they left behind:
- •Marcus Aurelius (121-180 CE) — Roman Emperor who wrote Meditations, a private journal of Stoic reflections never meant for publication.
- •Seneca (4 BCE-65 CE) — Wealthy Roman statesman whose letters and essays offer practical advice on everything from anger to grief.
- •Epictetus (50-135 CE) — Born a slave, became one of the most influential philosophers in history.
Core Stoic Principles
1. The Dichotomy of Control
Epictetus opens his Enchiridion with this teaching: "Some things are within our power, while others are not." Most suffering comes from trying to control what we cannot.
2. Virtue as the Highest Good
Stoics believed that virtue (wisdom, justice, courage, and temperance) is the only true good. External things—wealth, health, reputation—are "preferred indifferents."
3. Living According to Nature
This means living according to reason (our defining human characteristic) and accepting our place in the larger whole.
Why Stoicism Matters Today
In an age of constant distraction, outrage, and anxiety, Stoic philosophy offers an anchor. Modern cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) draws heavily from Stoic principles. The philosophy that helped Marcus Aurelius rule an empire during plague and war can help you navigate your own challenges.